Yale food addiction scale
Author: n | 2025-04-24
Methods: Literature overview in the fields of food addiction and Yale Food Addiction Scale ( ). Results: For the establishment of food addiction diagnosis, the Yale Food Addiction The Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) is a revision of the original Yale Food Addiction Scale and measures addictive eating behaviors that reflect the updated DSM-5
The Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 and the modified Yale Food Addiction
Search Google Scholar for peer-reviewed, published research using the Inquisit Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Gearhardt, A.N., Corbin, W.R., & Brownell, K.D. (2009). Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite, 52, 430-436. Ashley N. Gearhardt, William R. Corbin, Kelly D. Brownell. (2012) . Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Retrieved from www.midss.ie Bayraktar, F., Erkman, F., & Kurtulus, E. (2012). Adaptation Study of Yale Food Addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni, 22(1), S38. Gearhardt, A., White, M., Masheb, R., Morgan, P., Crosby, R., & Grilo, C. (2012). An examination of the food addiction construct in obese patients with binge eating disorder. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(5), 657-63. Pursey, K., Stanwell, P., Gearhardt, A., Collins, C., & Burrows, T. (2014). The prevalence of food addiction as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: A systematic review. Nutrients, 6(10), 4552-90. Pursey, K., Collins, C., Stanwell, P., & Burrows, T. (2016). The stability of 'food addiction' as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale in a non-clinical population over 18-months. Appetite, 96, 533-8. Gearhardt, A., Corbin, W., Brownell, K., & Petry, Nancy M. (2016). Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 113-121.
Yale Food Addiction Scale – Food and Addiction Science
Loss achievement in patients seeking bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2018;26(6):645–56.Article Google Scholar Benzerouk F, Gierski F, Ducluzeau PH, et al. Food addiction, in obese patients seeking bariatric surgery, is associated with higher prevalence of current mood and anxiety disorders and past mood disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2018;267:473–9.Article Google Scholar Müller A, Leukefeld C, Hase C, et al. Food addiction and other addictive behaviours in bariatric surgery candidates. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2018;26(6):585–96.Article Google Scholar Brunault P, Ducluzeau PH, Courtois R, et al. Food addiction is associated with higher neuroticism, lower conscientiousness, higher impulsivity, but lower extraversion in obese patient candidates for bariatric surgery. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53(11):1919–23.Article Google Scholar Lawson JL, Goldman RL, Swencionis C, et al. Examining food addiction and acculturation among a Hispanic bariatric surgery-seeking participant group. Obes Surg. 2019;29(7):2151–7.Article Google Scholar Clark SM, Saules KK. Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale among a weight-loss surgery population. Eat Behav. 2013;14(2):216–9.Article Google Scholar Koball AM, Clark MM, Collazo-Clavell M, et al. The relationship among food addiction, negative mood, and eating-disordered behaviors in patients seeking to have bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(1):165–70.Article Google Scholar Miller-Matero LR, Bryce K, Saulino CK, et al. Problematic eating behaviors predict outcomes after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2018;28(7):1910–5.Article Google Scholar Holgerson AA, Clark MM, Ames GE, et al. Association of adverse childhood experiences and food addiction to bariatric surgery completion and weight loss outcome. Obes Surg. 2018;28(11):3386–92.Article Google Scholar Ivezaj V, Wiedemann AA, Lawson JL, et al. Food addiction in sleeve gastrectomy patients with loss-of-control eating. Obes Surg. 2019;29(7):2071–7.Article Google Scholar Ivezaj V, Wiedemann AA, Grilo CM. Food addiction and bariatric surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2017;18(12):1386–97.Article CAS Google Scholar Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30(1):113–21.Article Google Scholar Clark SM, Martens K, Smith-Mason CE, et al. Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 among a bariatric surgery population. Obes Surg. 2019;29(9):2923–8.Article Google Scholar Belle SH, Berk PD, Chapman WH, et al. Baseline characteristics of participants in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 (LABS-2) study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9(6):926–35.Article Google Scholar Sogg S, Lauretti J, West-Smith L. Recommendations for the presurgical psychosocial evaluation of bariatric surgery patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(4):731–49.Article Google Scholar Goodpaster KPS. The role of psychological testing in pre-surgical bariatric evaluations. J Health Serv Psychol. 2017;43(2):67–73.Article Google Scholar Schulte EM, Gearhardt AN. Development of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2017;25(4):302–8.Article Google Scholar Yanovski SZ, Marcus MD, Wadden TA, et al. The Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-5: an updated screening instrument for binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(3):259–61.Article Google Scholar Masheb RM, Grilo CM. Emotional overeating and its associations with eating disorder psychopathology among overweight patients with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39(2):141–6.Article Google Scholar Ames GE, Heckman MG, Grothe KB, et al. Eating self-efficacy: development of a short-form WEL. Eat Behav. 2012;13(4):375–8.Article Google Scholar Ames GE, HeckmanThe Assessment of Food Addiction and the Yale Food Addiction Scale
The outcomes for those who are legally mandated to enter treatment can be as good as the outcomes for those who entered voluntarily.” In one large-scale study on over 2000 men struggling with addiction, men who entered court-ordered residential treatment “reported lower intrinsic motivation at the beginning of treatment, but, 5 years later, reported the same rates of abstinence, employment, and rearrest as peers who sought help on their own.” In fact, some research even suggests that outcomes for those who are legally pressured or mandated to seek treatment are at times even better than those for voluntary participants, as they tend to have higher attendance rates and stay in treatment longer. The Impact of Addiction Understanding why addiction treatment works even for people who don’t initially want treatment requires first understanding the nature of addiction itself. Addiction is a chronic brain disease that, over time, changes neurotransmitter activity and damages cerebral matter in a way that impairs rational decision-making. Addiction is inherently self-perpetuating, driving you toward increasingly self-destructive behavior. William C. Moyers, Vice President of the Hazelden Foundation, recalls the evolution of his own addiction, and how drugs and alcohol took over his life. “Listen, nobody made me smoke marijuana for the first time at age 15, or legally drink alcohol at age 18,” he says. But what it did was “hijack the brain and steal the soul.”I of my own volition took those substances into my body. But then they took over. That doesn’t absolve me of the. Methods: Literature overview in the fields of food addiction and Yale Food Addiction Scale ( ). Results: For the establishment of food addiction diagnosis, the Yale Food AddictionYale Food Addiction Scale Food and Addiction Science
AbstractBackgroundThe Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed in 2009 to assess food addiction (FA); a revised version was released in 2016 (YFAS 2.0). The objective of this study was to determine the statistical and clinical validity of the YFAS 2.0 in adults seeking bariatric surgery.MethodsPatients who underwent a preoperative psychological evaluation in preparation for bariatric surgery from 2015 to 2018 were included. The YFAS 2.0 was administered as part of routine clinical care and validated against an assessment battery of standardized clinical measures. Statistical analyses included chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests and calculation of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients.ResultsOverall, 1061 patients were included. Mean age and BMI were 47.5 ± 12.9 years and 46.9 ± 13.4 kg/m2, respectively. There were 196 (18%) patients who screened positive on the YFAS 2.0 (21% mild, 23% moderate, and 56% severe FA). The YFAS 2.0 demonstrated strong convergent validity where patients who met criteria for FA had significantly increased levels of binge eating (p p p p = 0.319). The YFAS 2.0 was significantly correlated with total scores for depression (p p p p ConclusionsThe prevalence of FA in a large sample of patients seeking bariatric surgery was consistent with previous literature. These data suggest that the YFAS 2.0 is psychometrically valid, demonstrating strong construct validity, and is a clinically useful measure of FA severity in patients pursuing bariatric surgery. Access this article Log in via an institution Subscribe and save Get 10 units per month Download Article/Chapter or eBook 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter Cancel anytime Subscribe now Buy Now Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full article PDF. Similar content being viewed by others ReferencesDavis C, Carter JC. Compulsive overeating as an addiction disorder. A review of theory and evidence. Appetite. 2009;53(1):1–8.Article Google Scholar Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Food addiction: an examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence. J Addict Med. 2009;3(1):1–7.Article Google Scholar Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite. 2009;52(2):430–6.Article Google Scholar Avena NM, Gold JA, Gold MS. Further developments in the neurobiology of food and addiction: update on the state of the science. Nutrition. 2012;28(4):341–3.Article Google Scholar Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Orr PT, et al. Neural correlates of food addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):808–16.Article Google Scholar Umberg EN, Shader RI, Hsu LK, et al. From disordered eating to addiction: the “food drug” in bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(3):376–89.Article Google Scholar Hebebrand J, Albayrak O, Adan R, et al. “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;47:295–306.Article Google Scholar Ruddock HK, Christiansen P, Halford JCG, et al. The development and validation of the addiction-like eating behaviour scale. Int J Obes. 2017;41(11):1710–7.Article CAS Google Scholar Meule A. A critical examination of the practical implications derived from the food addiction concept. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8(1):11–7.Article Google Scholar Guerrero Pérez F, Sánchez-González J, Sánchez I, et al. Food addiction and preoperative weightThe Yale Food Addiction Scale: Are you addicted to food?
Are you addicted to food? Take the Quiz!Curious if you are under the spell of False Fix foods? Let’s take a moment to evaluate. The Yale Food Addiction Scale was developed by Yale research scientist Ashley Gearhart and has been scientifically validated. This is a brief, user-friendly version to quickly assess whether you have a food addiction. Never Once per month 2-4 times per month 2-3 times per week 4+ times per week1) I find myself consuming certain foods even though I am no longer hungry. 2) I worry about cutting down on certain foods. 3) I feel sluggish or fatigued from overeating. 4) I have spent time dealing with negative feelings from overeating certain foods, instead of spending time in important activities such as time with family, friends, work, or recreation. 5) I have had physical withdrawal symptoms such as agitation and anxiety when I cut down on certain foods. (Do NOT include caffeinated drinks: coffee, tea, cola, energy drinks, etc.) 6) My behavior with respect to food and eating causes me significant distress. 7) Issues related to food and eating decrease my ability to function effectively (daily routine, job/school, social or family activities, health difficulties). NO YES8) I kept consuming the same types or amounts of food despite significant emotional and/or physical problems related to my eating. 9) Eating the same amount of food does not reduce negative emotions or increase pleasurable feelings the way it used to. Quiz script provided byJavaScriptKit.comThe Yale Food Addiction Scale: Are you addicted to
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Search Google Scholar for peer-reviewed, published research using the Inquisit Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Gearhardt, A.N., Corbin, W.R., & Brownell, K.D. (2009). Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite, 52, 430-436. Ashley N. Gearhardt, William R. Corbin, Kelly D. Brownell. (2012) . Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Retrieved from www.midss.ie Bayraktar, F., Erkman, F., & Kurtulus, E. (2012). Adaptation Study of Yale Food Addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni, 22(1), S38. Gearhardt, A., White, M., Masheb, R., Morgan, P., Crosby, R., & Grilo, C. (2012). An examination of the food addiction construct in obese patients with binge eating disorder. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(5), 657-63. Pursey, K., Stanwell, P., Gearhardt, A., Collins, C., & Burrows, T. (2014). The prevalence of food addiction as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: A systematic review. Nutrients, 6(10), 4552-90. Pursey, K., Collins, C., Stanwell, P., & Burrows, T. (2016). The stability of 'food addiction' as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale in a non-clinical population over 18-months. Appetite, 96, 533-8. Gearhardt, A., Corbin, W., Brownell, K., & Petry, Nancy M. (2016). Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 113-121.
2025-04-18Loss achievement in patients seeking bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2018;26(6):645–56.Article Google Scholar Benzerouk F, Gierski F, Ducluzeau PH, et al. Food addiction, in obese patients seeking bariatric surgery, is associated with higher prevalence of current mood and anxiety disorders and past mood disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2018;267:473–9.Article Google Scholar Müller A, Leukefeld C, Hase C, et al. Food addiction and other addictive behaviours in bariatric surgery candidates. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2018;26(6):585–96.Article Google Scholar Brunault P, Ducluzeau PH, Courtois R, et al. Food addiction is associated with higher neuroticism, lower conscientiousness, higher impulsivity, but lower extraversion in obese patient candidates for bariatric surgery. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53(11):1919–23.Article Google Scholar Lawson JL, Goldman RL, Swencionis C, et al. Examining food addiction and acculturation among a Hispanic bariatric surgery-seeking participant group. Obes Surg. 2019;29(7):2151–7.Article Google Scholar Clark SM, Saules KK. Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale among a weight-loss surgery population. Eat Behav. 2013;14(2):216–9.Article Google Scholar Koball AM, Clark MM, Collazo-Clavell M, et al. The relationship among food addiction, negative mood, and eating-disordered behaviors in patients seeking to have bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(1):165–70.Article Google Scholar Miller-Matero LR, Bryce K, Saulino CK, et al. Problematic eating behaviors predict outcomes after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2018;28(7):1910–5.Article Google Scholar Holgerson AA, Clark MM, Ames GE, et al. Association of adverse childhood experiences and food addiction to bariatric surgery completion and weight loss outcome. Obes Surg. 2018;28(11):3386–92.Article Google Scholar Ivezaj V, Wiedemann AA, Lawson JL, et al. Food addiction in sleeve gastrectomy patients with loss-of-control eating. Obes Surg. 2019;29(7):2071–7.Article Google Scholar Ivezaj V, Wiedemann AA, Grilo CM. Food addiction and bariatric surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2017;18(12):1386–97.Article CAS Google Scholar Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30(1):113–21.Article Google Scholar Clark SM, Martens K, Smith-Mason CE, et al. Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 among a bariatric surgery population. Obes Surg. 2019;29(9):2923–8.Article Google Scholar Belle SH, Berk PD, Chapman WH, et al. Baseline characteristics of participants in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 (LABS-2) study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9(6):926–35.Article Google Scholar Sogg S, Lauretti J, West-Smith L. Recommendations for the presurgical psychosocial evaluation of bariatric surgery patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(4):731–49.Article Google Scholar Goodpaster KPS. The role of psychological testing in pre-surgical bariatric evaluations. J Health Serv Psychol. 2017;43(2):67–73.Article Google Scholar Schulte EM, Gearhardt AN. Development of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2017;25(4):302–8.Article Google Scholar Yanovski SZ, Marcus MD, Wadden TA, et al. The Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-5: an updated screening instrument for binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(3):259–61.Article Google Scholar Masheb RM, Grilo CM. Emotional overeating and its associations with eating disorder psychopathology among overweight patients with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39(2):141–6.Article Google Scholar Ames GE, Heckman MG, Grothe KB, et al. Eating self-efficacy: development of a short-form WEL. Eat Behav. 2012;13(4):375–8.Article Google Scholar Ames GE, Heckman
2025-04-07AbstractBackgroundThe Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed in 2009 to assess food addiction (FA); a revised version was released in 2016 (YFAS 2.0). The objective of this study was to determine the statistical and clinical validity of the YFAS 2.0 in adults seeking bariatric surgery.MethodsPatients who underwent a preoperative psychological evaluation in preparation for bariatric surgery from 2015 to 2018 were included. The YFAS 2.0 was administered as part of routine clinical care and validated against an assessment battery of standardized clinical measures. Statistical analyses included chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests and calculation of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients.ResultsOverall, 1061 patients were included. Mean age and BMI were 47.5 ± 12.9 years and 46.9 ± 13.4 kg/m2, respectively. There were 196 (18%) patients who screened positive on the YFAS 2.0 (21% mild, 23% moderate, and 56% severe FA). The YFAS 2.0 demonstrated strong convergent validity where patients who met criteria for FA had significantly increased levels of binge eating (p p p p = 0.319). The YFAS 2.0 was significantly correlated with total scores for depression (p p p p ConclusionsThe prevalence of FA in a large sample of patients seeking bariatric surgery was consistent with previous literature. These data suggest that the YFAS 2.0 is psychometrically valid, demonstrating strong construct validity, and is a clinically useful measure of FA severity in patients pursuing bariatric surgery. Access this article Log in via an institution Subscribe and save Get 10 units per month Download Article/Chapter or eBook 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter Cancel anytime Subscribe now Buy Now Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full article PDF. Similar content being viewed by others ReferencesDavis C, Carter JC. Compulsive overeating as an addiction disorder. A review of theory and evidence. Appetite. 2009;53(1):1–8.Article Google Scholar Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Food addiction: an examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence. J Addict Med. 2009;3(1):1–7.Article Google Scholar Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite. 2009;52(2):430–6.Article Google Scholar Avena NM, Gold JA, Gold MS. Further developments in the neurobiology of food and addiction: update on the state of the science. Nutrition. 2012;28(4):341–3.Article Google Scholar Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Orr PT, et al. Neural correlates of food addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):808–16.Article Google Scholar Umberg EN, Shader RI, Hsu LK, et al. From disordered eating to addiction: the “food drug” in bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(3):376–89.Article Google Scholar Hebebrand J, Albayrak O, Adan R, et al. “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;47:295–306.Article Google Scholar Ruddock HK, Christiansen P, Halford JCG, et al. The development and validation of the addiction-like eating behaviour scale. Int J Obes. 2017;41(11):1710–7.Article CAS Google Scholar Meule A. A critical examination of the practical implications derived from the food addiction concept. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8(1):11–7.Article Google Scholar Guerrero Pérez F, Sánchez-González J, Sánchez I, et al. Food addiction and preoperative weight
2025-04-02Are you addicted to food? Take the Quiz!Curious if you are under the spell of False Fix foods? Let’s take a moment to evaluate. The Yale Food Addiction Scale was developed by Yale research scientist Ashley Gearhart and has been scientifically validated. This is a brief, user-friendly version to quickly assess whether you have a food addiction. Never Once per month 2-4 times per month 2-3 times per week 4+ times per week1) I find myself consuming certain foods even though I am no longer hungry. 2) I worry about cutting down on certain foods. 3) I feel sluggish or fatigued from overeating. 4) I have spent time dealing with negative feelings from overeating certain foods, instead of spending time in important activities such as time with family, friends, work, or recreation. 5) I have had physical withdrawal symptoms such as agitation and anxiety when I cut down on certain foods. (Do NOT include caffeinated drinks: coffee, tea, cola, energy drinks, etc.) 6) My behavior with respect to food and eating causes me significant distress. 7) Issues related to food and eating decrease my ability to function effectively (daily routine, job/school, social or family activities, health difficulties). NO YES8) I kept consuming the same types or amounts of food despite significant emotional and/or physical problems related to my eating. 9) Eating the same amount of food does not reduce negative emotions or increase pleasurable feelings the way it used to. Quiz script provided byJavaScriptKit.com
2025-04-11MG, Diehl NN, et al. Further statistical and clinical validity for the Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire-Short Form. Eat Behav. 2015;18:115–9.Article Google Scholar Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, et al. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption--II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791–804.Article CAS Google Scholar Reinert DF, Allen JP. The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): a review of recent research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(2):272–9.Article Google Scholar Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.Article CAS Google Scholar Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7.Article Google Scholar Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(11):1873–5.Article CAS Google Scholar Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14(4):245–58.Article CAS Google Scholar Dube SR, Williamson DF, Thompson T, et al. Assessing the reliability of retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences among adult HMO members attending a primary care clinic. Child Abuse Negl. 2004;28(7):729–37.Article Google Scholar Meule A. Food addiction and body-mass-index: a non-linear relationship. Med Hypotheses. 2012;79(4):508–11.Article Google Scholar Meule A, Gearhardt AN. Ten years of the Yale Food Addiction Scale: a review of version 2.0. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;6(3):218–28.Article Google Scholar Mitchell JE, Selzer F, Kalarchian MA, et al. Psychopathology before surgery in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery-3 (LABS-3) psychosocial study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(5):533–41.Article Google Scholar Download referencesAuthor informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Behavioral Health, Gundersen Health System, 1900 South Avenue, H04-004, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USAAfton M. KoballDepartment of Medical Research, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI, USAAndrew J. Borgert & Kara J. KalliesDepartment of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USAKaren GrotheDepartment of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USAGretchen AmesDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USAAshley N. GearhardtAuthorsAfton M. KoballYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarAndrew J. BorgertYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarKara J. KalliesYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarKaren GrotheYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarGretchen AmesYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarAshley N. GearhardtYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorCorrespondence to Afton M. Koball.Ethics declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical Statement All of the study authors adhere to and acknowledge the ethical responsibilities for authorship. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments
2025-04-16