Volume of a pipe formula
Author: m | 2025-04-24
Use formulas like the pipe volume formula for pipes or the basic volume formula for other shapes. Then, multiply by 1,000 to get liters. What is the formula for volume? The formula for volume is: Volume = Length Width Height This works for many shapes. For pipes, use the formula Pipe Volume = π (Pipe Diameter/2) Pipe Length.
Volume of Pipe Formula - BuildOps
Table of Contents1 How do you calculate the volume of a pipe?2 How do you find the volume of a pipe in cubic yards?3 What is the formula for finding the volume of a pipe?4 How do you calculate volume of a tube?The formula for the volume of cylinder is: cylinder volume = π * radius² * height . For a pipe use its length instead of height: pipe volume = π * radius² * length , where radius = inner diameter/2 . The volume of a pipe is equal to the volume of a liquid inside (if a pipe is fully filled with it).How do you find the volume of a pipe in cubic yards?How to Find the Cubic Yardage of a CylinderFind the radius and height. Convert inches to yards, convert feet to yards, or convert meters to yards.Multiply the radius of the cylinder times the radius, e.g. r2Multiply times π to get the area of the circle.Multiply times the height of the cylinder to get the volume.What is the formula for finding the volume of a pipe?To estimate pipe volume use the following formula: volume = π × radius 2 × length. Find the diameter and length of the pipe in inches or millimeters. How do you calculate volume of water in a pipe?How to calculate the volume of a pipe The first step is to analyze the equation presented above to determine what variables are needed in order to to solver the problem. The next step is to measure or calculated the radius. Now, the length of the pipe must be determined. Finally, enter the information found above into the equation to find the volume of the pipe. How to calculate the volume of a pipe?To estimate pipe volume, use the following formula: volume = π × d 2 4 × h Thus, the volume of a pipe is equal to pi times the pipe diameter d squared over 4, times the length of the pipe h. This formula is derived from the cylinder volume formula, which can also be used if you know the radius of the pipe. How do you calculate volume of a tube?The volume of any tube is V = hA, where V is the volume, h is its height and A is the area of a cross-section. Therefore, we have V = Ah = (pi)(r^2)h. Find the volume of a specific
Volume of pipe - Pipe Fitter Formula - skmechanicaltech.com
This tool calculates the volume of a pipe based on its dimensions.This calculator helps you determine the volume of a cylindrical pipe based on its inner diameter and length. It’s perfect for anyone needing quick and accurate volume calculations for plumbing or engineering projects.How to Use:Enter the inner diameter of the pipe in meters (e.g., 0.5 for half a meter).Enter the length of the pipe in meters (e.g., 10 for a ten-meter-long pipe).Click the “Calculate” button.The calculated volume will appear in the “Result” box in cubic meters.How It Calculates:The volume of a cylindrical pipe is calculated using the formula:V = π * (d / 2)^2 * L,where:d is the inner diameter of the pipe.L is the length of the pipe.π (Pi) is approximately 3.14159.Limitations:This calculator assumes the pipe is a perfect cylinder with a uniform inner diameter and does not account for any internal structures or irregularities. It also assumes the values entered are accurate and in meters.Use Cases for This CalculatorCalculate the Volume of a Straight PipeEnter the inner radius and length of the straight pipe to determine its volume. The calculator will use the formula for the volume of a cylinder, multiplying the area of the base (π * radius^2) by the height.Estimate the Volume of a Tapered PipeIf you have a tapered pipe, input the inner and outer radius along with the length to find the volume. The calculator will use the formula for the frustum of a cone to calculate the volume accurately.Determine the Volume ofVolume of circular pipe - Pipe Fitter Formula
Range of systems. It is advised to calculate the area of the pipe’s exterior surface in order to ascertain the precise quantity of heat-insulating material or other necessary coating (waterproofing, anticorrosive, etc.).The area of the pipe’s exterior must be determined in order to accurately determine how much material will be required to insulate it. For this, the length of the pipe should be multiplied by the circumference of the outer section.You can visualize any circular cross-section pipe as a rectangle that has been rolled into a tube. A rectangle’s area is equal to the product of its length and width. When it comes to a pipe, the rectangle’s width and length will match the length of the pipe’s outer circumference and pipe, respectively.The length of a circle can be calculated using the formula L=−D, which was already mentioned at the beginning. Let’s write H for the pipe segment’s length. The pipe’s outer surface area will then be equal to:St – area of the outer surface of the pipe, sq.м.;π is a constant number "pi" equal to 3.14;D – outer diameter of the pipe, m;H – length of the pipe, m.For instance, the surface area of a pipe with a diameter of 30 cm and a length of 5 meters is equal to:It is simple to determine the area of the pipe’s inner surface and the volume of its interior using the aforementioned formulas. It suffices to substitute the pipe’s inner diameter value for the outer diameter value in the computations for this purpose.It’s essential to know how to compute the different pipe parameters if you want your home to have effective insulation and heating. Understanding the fundamental formulas and computation examples will enable homeowners to make well-informed choices about pipe size, insulation thickness, and heat loss prevention.Determining the proper pipe diameter is one of the basic elements of pipe calculation. This entails taking into account variables like the kind of fluid being transported, pressure drop, and flow rate. Through the use of application-specific formulas, people can determine the ideal pipe diameter to reduce energy loss and preserve even heating throughout. Use formulas like the pipe volume formula for pipes or the basic volume formula for other shapes. Then, multiply by 1,000 to get liters. What is the formula for volume? The formula for volume is: Volume = Length Width Height This works for many shapes. For pipes, use the formula Pipe Volume = π (Pipe Diameter/2) Pipe Length. The pipe volume is calculated using the cylinder volume formula since a pipe is essentially a hollow cylinder. Formula. The formula for calculating pipe volume is: Pipe Volume (V): [ V = piPipe Volume Formula - Areas - EasyCalculation
To determine the pipe’s cross-section. This considers the discrepancy between the pipe’s outer diameter and wall thickness, or more simply, the pipe’s inner diameter.This figure clearly displays details like the pipe’s wall thickness and outer diameter. You can determine the pipe’s inner diameter by calculating the difference between its outer diameter and thickness.The following is the formula to find the area of a circle:S – area of the circle;π is the number of "pi";R – radius of the circle, calculated as half of the diameter.The formula might resemble this if the pipe’s outside diameter and wall thickness are known:S – cross-sectional area;π is the number of "pi";D is the outside diameter of the pipe;T – pipe wall thickness.Assuming a pipe with an outer diameter of one meter and a wall thickness of ten millimeters, we first need to decide on all the units of measurement. The wall thickness will be one millimeter. Using the formula above, we can compute the cross-section of the pipe in question:A pipe with the given specifications will therefore have a cross-sectional area of 0.75 square meters. м.It is well known that the number of decimal places utilized when utilizing this constant affects how accurate computations involving the number "pi" are. Nevertheless, extremely accurate computations are typically not required in the construction industry, and 3.14 is taken to be the value of "pi." Rounding to two decimal places makes sense for the final result as well.How to calculate the volume of the pipe?This diagram shows how to calculate the pipe’s volume using information like the pipe’s length and radius of cross-section.Additionally, figuring out the volume of a specific pipe segment is simple. In order to accomplish this, you must first use the formula above to determine the pipe’s outside diameter and area of circumference:Here, D denotes the pipe’s outer diameter and R, or half of its diameter, is its outside radius. The volume, which is stated in cubic meters, is then obtained by multiplying the obtained value by the pipe segment’s length. The following formula can be used to determine a pipe’s volume:V – volume ofFormula for water volume in a pipe? - Answers
Diameter for a new heating installation to optimizing flow rates for an existing system. You’ll get a better grasp of how to compute pipe parameters efficiently and make well-informed decisions about the heating and insulation needs for your home by carefully going through these examples step-by-step.ParameterFormula and ExampleDiameterTo find the diameter of a pipe, you can use the formula: diameter = 2 * √(flow rate / (π * velocity)). For example, if the flow rate is 10 liters per minute and the velocity is 2 m/s, then diameter = 2 * √(10 / (π * 2)) ≈ 0.90 meters.Flow RateFlow rate can be calculated using the formula: flow rate = velocity * cross-sectional area. For instance, if the velocity is 3 m/s and the cross-sectional area is 0.5 square meters, then flow rate = 3 * 0.5 = 1.5 cubic meters per second. Whether you’re thinking about replacing your insulation or investigating new heating options, our guide on heating and insulation for your home covers all the important tactics for maximizing the warmth and energy efficiency of your home. From choosing the best heating system to comprehending insulation materials, we cover it all. We also place a strong emphasis on useful advice for homeowners looking to control energy costs while preserving a comfortable living space. ContentsWhy it is necessary to calculate pipe parameters?Calculations of various parameters of the pipeHow to know the diameter and volume of a pipe?Calculation of the pipe cross-sectionHow to calculate the volume of the pipe?How to calculate the weight of the pipe?How to determine the external surface area of a pipe?Video on the topicTolerances and fits for dummies and beginnersGeneral principles of calculating structural elementshydraulic calculation of pipelinesPrinciples of Reinforced Concrete Design | Building DesignExcel formulas – all the features, subtleties and tricks in one video! – Excel functions (2)Coefficient of variation – calculation exampleLesson 4. Excel formulas for beginnersWhy it is necessary to calculate pipe parameters?In many situations, a preliminary calculation of the pipe parameters is required. For instance, to ensure that the pipeline and other system components are properly communicating. When working with pipes,Volume of Pipe Formula The pipe - T E Technical Training
The pipe, cube. м.S is the area of the outer cross-section, sq.м.;H is the length of the pipe segment, m.Assume for the moment that there is a pipe that is 2 meters long and has an outer diameter of 50 cm. First, all units of measurement must be agreed upon. D=50 cm=0.5 m. Enter this value into the formula for the area of a circle:We can now compute the volume: All of these computations are easily completed with a standard calculator, but using the appropriate online calculator at is far more convenient. The calculator calculates base area and height, base diameter and height, or base radius and height based on the initial data. How to calculate the weight of the pipe?To estimate the cost of transporting a given quantity of pipes, weight information is required. It doesn’t hurt to compare a large structure’s weight to the knowledge foundation’s bearing capacity.This table gives reference weight information for different kinds of steel pipes while accounting for their dimensions and manufacturing technology.Middle school students are well aware that multiplying an object’s volume by the density of the material it is made of yields the object’s mass. Because different construction guides provide information on the weight of a linear meter of different types of pipes, builders are spared the laborious calculations of the mass of a specific section of pipe. The most straightforward method for determining a pipe’s weight is to utilize the applicable GOSTs and the following data:the material from which the pipe is made;its external diameter;wall thickness;internal diameter, etc. п.Once the weight of one linear meter of pipe has been determined, the resultant value must be multiplied by the total number of linear meters. The task’s complexity is equivalent to that of a general education school’s fourth or fifth grade.You can use our online calculator to find the weight of pipes. The program outputs the weight value of the specified number of pipes once the required data has been entered into the corresponding fields.How to determine the external surface area of a pipe?Insulating the pipeline might be necessary when installing a widePipe Volume Calculator – Simple Math Formula
Of 0.1 mm was employed for manufacturing to ensure the reliability of the thermal pipe. Considering these factors, we chose to use a common 3D printing material, aluminum alloy, which offers strong thermal conductivity and lower density. To align with the integrated design goals of SLM, a groove-type wick structure was adopted to provide capillary force. Common shapes for groove wicks include rectangular, rhomboidal, V-shaped, and Ω-shaped. In this study, we selected the Ω-shaped wick because of its characteristic of reducing the capillary force required for working fluid circulation and enhancing heat transfer performance [15]. The final dimensions of the thermal pipe are presented in Table 1 below: Following the mentioned requirements, the thermal pipe model shown in Figure 2 was created using the SolidWorks 2021R2 software. 3. Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in the Heat Pipe 3.1. Mathematical Model for Heat Pipe SimulationThis study employed a multiphase flow model to analyze the two-phase flow process of gaseous and liquid ethanol inside the heat pipe. The VOF (volume of fluid) multiphase flow model used is a common mathematical model for simulating internal flow within a heat pipe, known for its well-established mathematical foundation and practical experience. The expression to solve the phase volume fraction in the VOF (volume of fluid) model is as follows [18] and the units of variables in the formula are shown in Appendix A: 1 ρ q ∂ ∂ t α q ρ q + ∇ · α q ρ q v → q = S α q + ∑ p = 1 n m ˙ p q − m ˙ q p (3) In the equation, α represents the volume fraction of the corresponding phase, ρ is density, m ˙ q p is the mass transfer term from phases q to p, m ˙. Use formulas like the pipe volume formula for pipes or the basic volume formula for other shapes. Then, multiply by 1,000 to get liters. What is the formula for volume? The formula for volume is: Volume = Length Width Height This works for many shapes. For pipes, use the formula Pipe Volume = π (Pipe Diameter/2) Pipe Length. The pipe volume is calculated using the cylinder volume formula since a pipe is essentially a hollow cylinder. Formula. The formula for calculating pipe volume is: Pipe Volume (V): [ V = pi
Calculation of the volume of the pipe: how to calculate by the formulas
Pipe Flow Advisor SoftwarePipe Flow Advisor can estimate the flow rate of water in open channels and closed channels of different shapes. It can also estimate the flow rate from a tank, for a variety tank shapes, to calculate the tank empty time under flow due to gravity.Flow in Open Channels, Part Full Pipes, and from Tanks Do you need to calculate the flow rate in open channels?Do you need to calculate container volumes & weight of fluid?Do you need to find the time taken to empty a tank? Download Pipe Flow Advisor Software for a Free TrialBuy Pipe Flow Advisor Software & get licensed in less than 2 minutes.Pipe Flow Advisor can calculate:Flow in open channels and part filled pipesFlow rates for weirs Time taken for a tank to empty with flow under gravity Container capacities plus volume & weight of flow in channels and pipes Flow in an open channel on a slope occurs due to the effect of gravity on the liquid. In many cases the flow of liquid has a free surface, as in a open channel, flume or only partially full pipe. The liquid is under no pressure, other than atmospheric pressure. Over time, a number of formulae have been developed to provide an estimate of the flow rate that will occur in open-channels, with the Manning formula becoming widely accepted as the usual and best method of obtaining a reliable estimate of the flow.Flow in Part Full Pipes The Manning coefficient is used in the Manning formula to correct for the type of channel under consideration. The cross-sectional area of the flow, the wetted perimeter and the slope ratio must be calculated. The results are more accurate if the cross-section of flowing fluid, the fluid velocity, depth of fluid and the slope are constant (steady flow). The resulting flow rate estimates are applicable to water or fluids with similar properties to water. Flow from Tanks and Tank Emptying Time The flow rate from a tank outlet will be dependant on the head of fluid above the outlet position and the type and size of the orifice that the fluid exits through. The outlet pipe itself will also affect the flow rate, as it will introduce additional friction losses, unless it is relatively short.As fluid exits the tank, the level of fluid remaining in the tank will decrease and thus the fluid head available to 'push' liquid out of the tank decreases over time, which in turn reduces the outlet flow rate over time. The shape of the tank also affects the tank emptying time, since for a given volume of flow out of the tank, the height of fluid lost from the tank will be different for different shapes of tank.Manning Coefficent and Water Flow Rate CalculationThe Manning formula (also known as the Gauckler–Manning formula) is an empirical formulabased on practical experience and the results of experiments measuring flow in open channels and free-surface flow driven by gravity. It is not derived from theoreticalCylindrical Pipe Volume Formula - Areas - easycalculation.com
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Designers and installers use parameters like these:permeability of the pipelineheat losses;the amount of insulation;the amount of material for corrosion protection;roughness of the inner surface of the pipe, etc. п.Consequently, you are able to ascertain the precise quantity of pipes needed for a given system in addition to their ideal attributes. Precise computations prevent exorbitant expenses related to material procurement and transportation, enabling the substances in the pipeline to flow at a specified pace to optimize system efficiency.This table will assist you in selecting the proper structures required to construct a pipeline by offering some helpful information about the features of various pipe types.In heating systems, the allowable velocity has a major impact on pipe diameter. In the video, an illustration of this kind of computation is provided:Calculations of various parameters of the pipeThe following parameters need to be ascertained in order to accurately compute the fundamental parameters of pipes:the material from which the pipe is made;pipe cross-section type;internal and external diameterwall thickness;length of the pipe, etc. п.Measuring the structure itself yields some of the data. Along with numerous reference books and GOSTs, certification documents also contain a wealth of helpful information.How to know the diameter and volume of a pipe?All schoolboys are familiar with certain calculation formulas. For instance, you should measure the circumference of the pipe in question if you need to know its diameter. A centimeter tape, which seamstresses use, can be used for this purpose. Alternatively, you could wrap the pipe with another appropriate tape and use a ruler to measure the resulting segment.Next, we apply the circumference length formula:L is the circumference length of the circle;π is a constant number "pi", equal to about 3.14;D – diameter of the circle circumference.To determine the pipe’s external diameter, simply apply the following formula after performing a quick transformation:It is simple to determine the inner diameter of the circle by measuring the pipe’s wall thickness. For this, the value of the pipe’s external diameter should be subtracted from the double value of the pipe wall thickness.Calculation of the pipe cross-sectionWe must compute the area of the circle in orderComments
Table of Contents1 How do you calculate the volume of a pipe?2 How do you find the volume of a pipe in cubic yards?3 What is the formula for finding the volume of a pipe?4 How do you calculate volume of a tube?The formula for the volume of cylinder is: cylinder volume = π * radius² * height . For a pipe use its length instead of height: pipe volume = π * radius² * length , where radius = inner diameter/2 . The volume of a pipe is equal to the volume of a liquid inside (if a pipe is fully filled with it).How do you find the volume of a pipe in cubic yards?How to Find the Cubic Yardage of a CylinderFind the radius and height. Convert inches to yards, convert feet to yards, or convert meters to yards.Multiply the radius of the cylinder times the radius, e.g. r2Multiply times π to get the area of the circle.Multiply times the height of the cylinder to get the volume.What is the formula for finding the volume of a pipe?To estimate pipe volume use the following formula: volume = π × radius 2 × length. Find the diameter and length of the pipe in inches or millimeters. How do you calculate volume of water in a pipe?How to calculate the volume of a pipe The first step is to analyze the equation presented above to determine what variables are needed in order to to solver the problem. The next step is to measure or calculated the radius. Now, the length of the pipe must be determined. Finally, enter the information found above into the equation to find the volume of the pipe. How to calculate the volume of a pipe?To estimate pipe volume, use the following formula: volume = π × d 2 4 × h Thus, the volume of a pipe is equal to pi times the pipe diameter d squared over 4, times the length of the pipe h. This formula is derived from the cylinder volume formula, which can also be used if you know the radius of the pipe. How do you calculate volume of a tube?The volume of any tube is V = hA, where V is the volume, h is its height and A is the area of a cross-section. Therefore, we have V = Ah = (pi)(r^2)h. Find the volume of a specific
2025-04-08This tool calculates the volume of a pipe based on its dimensions.This calculator helps you determine the volume of a cylindrical pipe based on its inner diameter and length. It’s perfect for anyone needing quick and accurate volume calculations for plumbing or engineering projects.How to Use:Enter the inner diameter of the pipe in meters (e.g., 0.5 for half a meter).Enter the length of the pipe in meters (e.g., 10 for a ten-meter-long pipe).Click the “Calculate” button.The calculated volume will appear in the “Result” box in cubic meters.How It Calculates:The volume of a cylindrical pipe is calculated using the formula:V = π * (d / 2)^2 * L,where:d is the inner diameter of the pipe.L is the length of the pipe.π (Pi) is approximately 3.14159.Limitations:This calculator assumes the pipe is a perfect cylinder with a uniform inner diameter and does not account for any internal structures or irregularities. It also assumes the values entered are accurate and in meters.Use Cases for This CalculatorCalculate the Volume of a Straight PipeEnter the inner radius and length of the straight pipe to determine its volume. The calculator will use the formula for the volume of a cylinder, multiplying the area of the base (π * radius^2) by the height.Estimate the Volume of a Tapered PipeIf you have a tapered pipe, input the inner and outer radius along with the length to find the volume. The calculator will use the formula for the frustum of a cone to calculate the volume accurately.Determine the Volume of
2025-04-04To determine the pipe’s cross-section. This considers the discrepancy between the pipe’s outer diameter and wall thickness, or more simply, the pipe’s inner diameter.This figure clearly displays details like the pipe’s wall thickness and outer diameter. You can determine the pipe’s inner diameter by calculating the difference between its outer diameter and thickness.The following is the formula to find the area of a circle:S – area of the circle;π is the number of "pi";R – radius of the circle, calculated as half of the diameter.The formula might resemble this if the pipe’s outside diameter and wall thickness are known:S – cross-sectional area;π is the number of "pi";D is the outside diameter of the pipe;T – pipe wall thickness.Assuming a pipe with an outer diameter of one meter and a wall thickness of ten millimeters, we first need to decide on all the units of measurement. The wall thickness will be one millimeter. Using the formula above, we can compute the cross-section of the pipe in question:A pipe with the given specifications will therefore have a cross-sectional area of 0.75 square meters. м.It is well known that the number of decimal places utilized when utilizing this constant affects how accurate computations involving the number "pi" are. Nevertheless, extremely accurate computations are typically not required in the construction industry, and 3.14 is taken to be the value of "pi." Rounding to two decimal places makes sense for the final result as well.How to calculate the volume of the pipe?This diagram shows how to calculate the pipe’s volume using information like the pipe’s length and radius of cross-section.Additionally, figuring out the volume of a specific pipe segment is simple. In order to accomplish this, you must first use the formula above to determine the pipe’s outside diameter and area of circumference:Here, D denotes the pipe’s outer diameter and R, or half of its diameter, is its outside radius. The volume, which is stated in cubic meters, is then obtained by multiplying the obtained value by the pipe segment’s length. The following formula can be used to determine a pipe’s volume:V – volume of
2025-04-23Diameter for a new heating installation to optimizing flow rates for an existing system. You’ll get a better grasp of how to compute pipe parameters efficiently and make well-informed decisions about the heating and insulation needs for your home by carefully going through these examples step-by-step.ParameterFormula and ExampleDiameterTo find the diameter of a pipe, you can use the formula: diameter = 2 * √(flow rate / (π * velocity)). For example, if the flow rate is 10 liters per minute and the velocity is 2 m/s, then diameter = 2 * √(10 / (π * 2)) ≈ 0.90 meters.Flow RateFlow rate can be calculated using the formula: flow rate = velocity * cross-sectional area. For instance, if the velocity is 3 m/s and the cross-sectional area is 0.5 square meters, then flow rate = 3 * 0.5 = 1.5 cubic meters per second. Whether you’re thinking about replacing your insulation or investigating new heating options, our guide on heating and insulation for your home covers all the important tactics for maximizing the warmth and energy efficiency of your home. From choosing the best heating system to comprehending insulation materials, we cover it all. We also place a strong emphasis on useful advice for homeowners looking to control energy costs while preserving a comfortable living space. ContentsWhy it is necessary to calculate pipe parameters?Calculations of various parameters of the pipeHow to know the diameter and volume of a pipe?Calculation of the pipe cross-sectionHow to calculate the volume of the pipe?How to calculate the weight of the pipe?How to determine the external surface area of a pipe?Video on the topicTolerances and fits for dummies and beginnersGeneral principles of calculating structural elementshydraulic calculation of pipelinesPrinciples of Reinforced Concrete Design | Building DesignExcel formulas – all the features, subtleties and tricks in one video! – Excel functions (2)Coefficient of variation – calculation exampleLesson 4. Excel formulas for beginnersWhy it is necessary to calculate pipe parameters?In many situations, a preliminary calculation of the pipe parameters is required. For instance, to ensure that the pipeline and other system components are properly communicating. When working with pipes,
2025-04-24Of 0.1 mm was employed for manufacturing to ensure the reliability of the thermal pipe. Considering these factors, we chose to use a common 3D printing material, aluminum alloy, which offers strong thermal conductivity and lower density. To align with the integrated design goals of SLM, a groove-type wick structure was adopted to provide capillary force. Common shapes for groove wicks include rectangular, rhomboidal, V-shaped, and Ω-shaped. In this study, we selected the Ω-shaped wick because of its characteristic of reducing the capillary force required for working fluid circulation and enhancing heat transfer performance [15]. The final dimensions of the thermal pipe are presented in Table 1 below: Following the mentioned requirements, the thermal pipe model shown in Figure 2 was created using the SolidWorks 2021R2 software. 3. Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in the Heat Pipe 3.1. Mathematical Model for Heat Pipe SimulationThis study employed a multiphase flow model to analyze the two-phase flow process of gaseous and liquid ethanol inside the heat pipe. The VOF (volume of fluid) multiphase flow model used is a common mathematical model for simulating internal flow within a heat pipe, known for its well-established mathematical foundation and practical experience. The expression to solve the phase volume fraction in the VOF (volume of fluid) model is as follows [18] and the units of variables in the formula are shown in Appendix A: 1 ρ q ∂ ∂ t α q ρ q + ∇ · α q ρ q v → q = S α q + ∑ p = 1 n m ˙ p q − m ˙ q p (3) In the equation, α represents the volume fraction of the corresponding phase, ρ is density, m ˙ q p is the mass transfer term from phases q to p, m ˙
2025-04-15