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Configuring Multiple Spanning-Tree Protocol Prerequisites for Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol For two or more devices to be in the same multiple spanning tree (MST) region, they must have the same VLAN-to-instance map, the same configuration revision number, and the same name. For two or more stacked switches to be in the same MST region, they must have the same VLAN-to-instance map, the same configuration revision number, and the same name. For load-balancing across redundant paths in the network to work, all VLAN-to-instance mapping assignments must match; otherwise, all traffic flows on a single link. You can achieve load-balancing across a switch stack by manually configuring the path cost. For load-balancing between a per-VLAN spanning tree plus (PVST+) and an MST cloud or between a rapid-PVST+ and an MST cloud to work, all MST boundary ports must be forwarding. MST boundary ports are forwarding when the root of the internal spanning tree (IST) of the MST cloud is the root of the common spanning tree (CST). If the MST cloud consists of multiple MST regions, one of the MST regions must contain the CST root, and all of the other MST regions must have a better path to the root contained within the MST cloud than a path through the PVST+ or rapid-PVST+ cloud. You might have to manually configure the devices in the clouds. Restrictions for Multiple Spanning-Tree Protocol The switch stack supports up to 65 MST instances. The number of VLANs that can be mapped to a particular MST

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A network of that diameter, which can significantly reduce the convergence time. You can use the hello keyword to override the automatically calculated hello time. Multiple Spanning-Tree Regions For switches to participate in multiple spanning-tree (MST) instances, you must consistently configure the switches with the same MST configuration information. A collection of interconnected switches that have the same MST configuration comprises an MST region. The MST configuration controls to which MST region each device belongs. The configuration includes the name of the region, the revision number, and the MST VLAN-to-instance assignment map. You configure the device for a region by specifying the MST region configuration on it. You can map VLANs to an MST instance, specify the region name, and set the revision number. For instructions and an example, select the "Specifying the MST Region Configuration and Enabling MSTP" link in Related Topics. A region can have one or multiple members with the same MST configuration. Each member must be capable of processing RSTP bridge protocol data units (BPDUs). There is no limit to the number of MST regions in a network, but each region can support up to 65 spanning-tree instances. Instances can be identified by any number in the range from 0 to 4094. You can assign a VLAN to only one spanning-tree instance at a time. Internal Spanning Tree, Common and Internal Spanning Tree, and Common Spanning Tree Unlike PVST+ and Rapid PVST+ in which all the spanning-tree instances are independent, the MSTP establishes and maintains two

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Instance is the maximum active VLAN supported by a given switch. PVST+, Rapid PVST+, and MSTP are supported, but only one version can be active at any time. (For example, all VLANs run PVST+, all VLANs run Rapid PVST+, or all VLANs run MSTP.) All stack members must run the same version of spanning tree (all PVST+, Rapid PVST+, or MSTP). VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) propagation of the MST configuration is not supported. However, you can manually configure the MST configuration (region name, revision number, and VLAN-to-instance mapping) on each device within the MST region by using the command-line interface (CLI) or through the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) support. Partitioning the network into a large number of regions is not recommended. However, if this situation is unavoidable, we recommend that you partition the switched LAN into smaller LANs interconnected by routers or non-Layer 2 devices. A region can have one member or multiple members with the same MST configuration; each member must be capable of processing rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP) Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs). There is no limit to the number of MST regions in a network, but each region can only support up to 65spanning-tree instances. You can assign a VLAN to only one spanning-tree instance at a time. After configuring a device as the root device, we recommend that you avoid manually configuring the hello time, forward-delay time, and maximum-age time through the spanning-tree mst hello-time , spanning-tree mst forward-time , and the spanning-tree mst. mst RealDelete Screnshots. No un-delete software will ever be able to regain data deleted by mst RealDelete.

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EngineeringComputer ScienceComputer Science questions and answers1. (50) [Optimality of reverse-delete MST algorithm: research] Prove the optimality of the reverse-delete minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithm using the cut property and the cycle property (in the same manner the optimality of the Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithms were proven in class.) Consider it proven that any MST algorithm that satisfies either or bothYour solution’s ready to go!Our expert help has broken down your problem into an easy-to-learn solution you can count on.See AnswerQuestion: 1. (50) [Optimality of reverse-delete MST algorithm: research] Prove the optimality of the reverse-delete minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithm using the cut property and the cycle property (in the same manner the optimality of the Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithms were proven in class.) Consider it proven that any MST algorithm that satisfies either or bothCan't copy other answer. show all steps! thanksShow transcribed image textTranscribed image text: 1. (50) [Optimality of reverse-delete MST algorithm: research] Prove the optimality of the reverse-delete minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithm using the cut property and the cycle property (in the same manner the optimality of the Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithms were proven in class.) Consider it proven that any MST algorithm that satisfies either or both of the cut property and cycle property is guaranteed to construct an MST. Provide your answers as specified below. a) State the greedy strategy used by the reverse-delete MST algorithm to construct an MST given a connected graph. b) In each of the cases of alternative actions taken by the algorithm for each edge (i.e., delete or not), clearly state which property justifies the action and why. Note: This exercise is meant to fill in what we skipped in class, and involves review of material in our textbook. Your answer should be in your own words. In addition, if any additional resources are used, clearly cite them in your answers.

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Types of spanning trees: An internal spanning tree (IST), which is the spanning tree that runs in an MST region. Within each MST region, the MSTP maintains multiple spanning-tree instances. Instance 0 is a special instance for a region, known as the internal spanning tree (IST). All other MST instances are numbered from 1 to 4094. The IST is the only spanning-tree instance that sends and receives BPDUs. All of the other spanning-tree instance information is contained in M-records, which are encapsulated within MSTP BPDUs. Because the MSTP BPDU carries information for all instances, the number of BPDUs that need to be processed to support multiple spanning-tree instances is significantly reduced. All MST instances within the same region share the same protocol timers, but each MST instance has its own topology parameters, such as root switch ID, root path cost, and so forth. By default, all VLANs are assigned to the IST. An MST instance is local to the region; for example, MST instance 1 in region A is independent of MST instance 1 in region B, even if regions A and B are interconnected. A common and internal spanning tree (CIST), which is a collection of the ISTs in each MST region, and the common spanning tree (CST) that interconnects the MST regions and single spanning trees. The spanning tree that is computed in a region appears as a subtree in the CST that encompasses the entire switched domain. The CIST is formed by the spanning-tree algorithm running among

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The command are added to or removed from the VLANs that were previously mapped. To specify a VLAN range, use a hyphen; for example, instance 1 vlan 1-63 maps VLANs 1 through 63 to MST instance 1. To specify a VLAN series, use a comma; for example, instance 1 vlan 10, 20, 30 maps VLANs 10, 20, and 30 to MST instance 1. Step 5 name name Example: Device(config-mst)# name region1 Specifies the configuration name. The name string has a maximum length of 32 characters and is case sensitive. Step 6 revision version Example: Device(config-mst)# revision 1 Specifies the configuration revision number. The range is 0 to 65535. Step 7 show pending Example: Device(config-mst)# show pending Verifies your configuration by displaying the pending configuration. Step 8 exit Example: Device(config-mst)# exit Applies all changes, and returns to global configuration mode. Step 9 spanning-tree mode mst Example: Device(config)# spanning-tree mode mst Enables MSTP. RSTP is also enabled. Changing spanning-tree modes can disrupt traffic because all spanning-tree instances are stopped for the previous mode and restarted in the new mode. You cannot run both MSTP and PVST+ or both MSTP and Rapid PVST+ at the same time. Step 10 end Example: Device(config)# end Returns to privileged EXEC mode. (Optional) Configuring the Root Device To configure the root device, perform this procedure: Before you begin An MST must be specified and enabled on the device. . You must also know the specified MST instance ID. Procedure Command or Action Purpose Step 1 enable Example:. mst RealDelete Screnshots. No un-delete software will ever be able to regain data deleted by mst RealDelete.

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(configurable on a per-CIST port basis) 128 Spanning-tree port cost (configurable on a per-CIST port basis) Hello time Forward-delay time Maximum-aging time 20 seconds Maximum hop count 20 hops How to Configure Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol and Parameters The following sections provide information about configuring MSTP and MSTP parameters: Specifying the Multiple Spanning Tree Region Configuration and Enabling Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol For two or more switches to be in the same MST region, they must have the same VLAN-to-instance mapping, the same configuration revision number, and the same name. A region can have one member or multiple members with the same MST configuration; each member must be capable of processing RSTP BPDUs. There is no limit to the number of MST regions in a network, but each region can only support up to 65 spanning-tree instances. You can assign a VLAN to only one spanning-tree instance at a time. Procedure Command or Action Purpose Step 1 enable Example: Device> enable Enables privileged EXEC mode. Enter your password if prompted. Step 2 configure terminal Example: Device# configure terminal Enters global configuration mode. Step 3 spanning-tree mst configuration Example: Device(config)# spanning-tree mst configuration Enters MST configuration mode. Step 4 instance instance-id vlan vlan-range Example: Device(config-mst)# instance 1 vlan 10-20 Maps VLANs to an MST instance. For instance-id , the range is 0 to 4094. For vlan vlan-range , the range is 1 to 4094. When you map VLANs to an MST instance, the mapping is incremental, and the VLANs specified in

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All subregions shrink except for the one that contains the true CIST regional root. For correct operation, all switches in the MST region must agree on the same CIST regional root. Therefore, any two switches in the region only synchronize their port roles for an MST instance if they converge to a common CIST regional root. Operations Between Multiple Spanning Tree Regions If there are multiple regions or legacy IEEE 802.1D switches within the network, MSTP establishes and maintains the CST, which includes all MST regions and all legacy STP switches in the network. The MST instances combine with the IST at the boundary of the region to become the CST. The IST connects all the MSTP switches in the region and appears as a subtree in the CIST that encompasses the entire switched domain. The root of the subtree is the CIST regional root. The MST region appears as a virtual switch to adjacent STP switches and MST regions. Only the CST instance sends and receives BPDUs, and MST instances add their spanning-tree information into the BPDUs to interact with neighboring switches and compute the final spanning-tree topology. Because of this, the spanning-tree parameters that are related to BPDU transmission (for example, hello time, forward time, max-age, and max-hops) are configured only on the CST instance but affect all MST instances. Parameters that are related to the spanning-tree topology (for example, switch priority, port VLAN cost, and port VLAN priority) can be configured on both the CST instance and. mst RealDelete Screnshots. No un-delete software will ever be able to regain data deleted by mst RealDelete.

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Enables privileged EXEC mode. Enter your password if prompted. Step 2 configure terminal Example: Device# configure terminal Enters global configuration mode. Step 3 spanning-tree mst forward-time seconds Example: Device(config)# spanning-tree mst forward-time 25 Configures the forward time for all MST instances. The forwarding delay is the number of seconds a port waits before changing from its spanning-tree learning and listening states to the forwarding state. For seconds , the range is 4 to 30; the default is 20. Step 4 end Example: Device(config)# end Returns to privileged EXEC mode. Configuring the Maximum-Aging Time To configure the maximum-aging time, perform this procedure: Before you begin An MST must be specified and enabled on the device. Procedure Command or Action Purpose Step 1 enable Example: Device> enable Enables privileged EXEC mode. Enter your password if prompted. Step 2 configure terminal Example: Device# configure terminal Enters global configuration mode. Step 3 spanning-tree mst max-age seconds Example: Device(config)# spanning-tree mst max-age 40 Configures the maximum-aging time for all MST instances. The maximum-aging time is the number of seconds a device waits without receiving spanning-tree configuration messages before attempting a reconfiguration. For seconds , the range is 6 to 40; the default is 20. Step 4 end Example: Device(config)# end Returns to privileged EXEC mode. (Optional) Configuring the Maximum-Hop Count To configure the maximum-hop count, perform this procedure: Before you begin An MST must be specified and enabled on the device. Procedure Command or Action Purpose Step 1 enable Example: Device> enable Enables privileged EXEC